In science and statistical analysis it is called "Testing the Null Hypothesis." As described in the 1930s by a statistician named Ronald Fischer, during an experiment, when looking at observed data after an event or testing the use of some treatment on a patient, the null hypothesis is the theory the change in data is unrelated to the event, or that the treatment used had no positive or negative effect on the subject.
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More on the 'Null Hypothesis' at this blog.
http://www.statisticsblog.com/2013/04/sudden-clarity-about-the-null-hypothesis/
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